More than 75% of the countries in Asia and the Pacific are experiencing a serious lack of water security, with many of them facing an imminent water crisis unless immediate steps are taken to improve management of water resources, says a new study prepared jointly by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Asia-Pacific Water Forum (APWF). The report entitled Asian Water Development Outlook 2013: Measuring Water Security in Asia and the Pacific (AWDO) was released on 13 March 2013.
According to the report, three-fourths of countries in the Asia and Pacific region face serious water insecurity, while only one-quarter possess infrastructure and management systems for water security.
The report provides the first-ever comprehensive, quantitative measurement of water security of the 49 countries in the region, based on a framework encapsulating five key dimensions of water security that aim to: satisfy household water and sanitation needs in all communities; support productive economies in agriculture, industry, and energy; develop vibrant, livable cities and towns; restore healthy rivers and ecosystems; and build resilient communities that can adapt to change. Along each of these five dimensions, the report examines the cross-cutting themes of poverty reduction and governance.
According to Bindu Lohani, ADB’s Vice President for Knowledge Management and Sustainable Development, “While the Asia-Pacific region has become an economic powerhouse, it is alarming that no developing country in the region can be considered ‘water-secure’. Countries must urgently improve water governance through inspired leadership and creative policymaking.”
The Report provides the first quantitative and comprehensive analysis of water security on a country by country basis in the region. It examines all dimensions of water security from the household level to water-related disasters, and uses indicators and a scaling system to rank the progress of each of the 49 countries under assessment.
The study found that 37 developing countries in the region are either suffering from low levels of water security or have barely begun to engage in the essential task of improving water security. Twelve countries are shown to have established the infrastructure and management systems for water security, while no country in the region was found to have reached the highest model level of water security.
South Asia and parts of Central and West Asia are faring the worst, with rivers under immense strain, while many Pacific Islands suffer from a lack of access to safe piped water and decent sanitation and are highly vulnerable to increasingly severe natural disasters. By contrast East Asia, which has the highest frequency of hazards in the region, is relatively better off due to higher levels of investment in disaster defenses, but urban water security remains poor in many cities and towns.
The study highlights two stark realities ― sharply rising inequality in access to water and sanitation, and the increasingly precarious state of rivers. It presents options for measures that can be adopted to improve water security to mitigate the growing pressure from booming populations, urbanization, pollution, over-extraction of groundwater, climate change and other factors.
Ravi Narayanan, Vice-Chair of the APWF Governing Council says: “Water supports health and livelihoods, grows our food, powers our industry, and cools our generating plants, and these different uses can no longer be seen in isolation from each other. Unless these competing needs are balanced, water security will remain elusive, undermining development gains and the quality of life for billions of people in the region, especially the poor.”
Current levels of investment, coupled with outdated policies and institutions, have failed to deliver water security. The study highlights the importance of a more productive use of water, including greater recycling of ‘used water’. Corporatizing water utilities to improve their efficiency; increasing sanitation investment; encouraging more productive water use by food and energy producers; imposing more regulations on groundwater use; upgrading irrigation services; strengthening management of river basins; mobilizing more private sector investment to clean up rivers; and improving disaster risk management; are all essential for a more secure water future.
In addition to providing individual country and aggregate regional indicators of the five dimensions of water security, AWDO discusses policy levers that may be used to increase water security. It further presents policies and strategies for enhancing water security, summarized as key messages targeted to political, water sector and civil society leaders at the national, river basin and community levels.
Key messages include the need to: mobilize rural communities for equitable access to water and sanitation; manage groundwater as a valuable and limited resource; prioritize integrated water resource management (IWRM); and create insurance mechanisms to minimize reliance on disaster relief.
(FGR Bureau)
